See stifle on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stifle-burn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "stifled"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stifler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective",
"noun"
],
"word": "stifling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stiflingly"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stuflen",
"t": "to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stifil, stuffle, stufle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infix"
},
"expansion": "infix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estofer"
},
"expansion": "Old French estofer",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "estofiier, estoufer, estufer",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouffer"
},
"expansion": "French étouffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouper",
"t": "to caulk"
},
"expansion": "French étouper (“to caulk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étoffer"
},
"expansion": "French étoffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*stuppāre"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *stuppāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "stuppa",
"t": "coarse flax, tow"
},
"expansion": "Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "στύπη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "qsb-grc"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "stífla",
"t": "to dam; to choke, stop up"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Late Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, perhaps from stuffen (“to kill by suffocation; to stifle from heat; to extinguish, suppress (body heat, breath, humour, etc.); to deprive a plant of the conditions necessary for growth, choke”) + -el- (derivational infix in verbs, often denoting diminutive, intensive, or repetitive actions or events). Stuffen is derived from Old French estofer, estouffer (“to choke, strangle, suffocate; (figuratively) to inhibit, prevent”) [and other forms] (modern French étouffer), a variant of estoper, estuper (“to block, plug, stop up; to stiffen, thicken”) (modern French étouper (“to caulk”)), influenced by estofer (“to pad, stuff; to upholster”) (modern French étoffer). Estoper is derived from Vulgar Latin *stuppāre, from Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”) (as a stuffing material; from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē) (compare στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)); probably from Pre-Greek) + -āre. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a derivation from Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”) “appears untenable on the ground both of form and sense”.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stifles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stifling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stifled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stifled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stifle (third-person singular simple present stifles, present participle stifling, simple past and past participle stifled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"stif‧le"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "die"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1708, Jonathan Swift, Accomplishment of the First Prediction:",
"text": "I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1717, John Dryden, “Book XII. [The Story of Cyllarus and Hylonome.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 425:",
"text": "And while her Hand the ſtreaming Blood oppos'd; / Join'd Face to Face, his Lips with hers ſhe clos'd. / Stifled with Kiſſes, a ſweet Death he dies; / She fills the Fields with undiſtinguiſh'd Cries: [...]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; to smother, to suffocate."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-HJKCOjme",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make#Verb"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"unconscious",
"unconscious"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"death",
"death"
],
[
"prevent",
"prevent"
],
[
"breathing",
"breathing#Noun"
],
[
"smother",
"smother#Verb"
],
[
"suffocate",
"suffocate#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, also figuratively) To make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; to smother, to suffocate."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "asphyxiate"
},
{
"word": "burke"
},
{
"word": "scomfish"
},
{
"word": "strangle"
},
{
"word": "suffocate"
}
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "duša",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "душа"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadušavam",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "задушавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "udušavam",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "удушавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "dusit"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "udusit"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "kvæle"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "verstikken"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "versmoren"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "tukehduttaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "esganar"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "erdrücken"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "ersticken"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "megfojt"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "plúch"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "soffocare"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "boccheggiare"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"alt": "ちっそくさせる",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a person",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chissoku saseru",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "窒息させる"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"alt": "よくあつする",
"code": "ja",
"english": "an activity or desire",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yokuatsu suru",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "抑圧する"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"alt": "けす",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a flame; a sound",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kesu",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "消す. 静める"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"alt": "もみけす",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a rumor",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "momikesu",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "もみ消す"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑɑbɑnthɑp",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "បន្ថប់"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "suffōcō"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "tāmi"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "tātāmi"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "boğmak",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "بوغمق"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dušítʹ",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "души́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadušítʹ",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задуши́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "dusiť"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "udusiť"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sofocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "stävja"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "kväva"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "bastırmak"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 27 1 3 5 2 1 3 8",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "boğulmak"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English hyperboles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The heat was stifling the children.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-wihMHzb6",
"links": [
[
"difficulty",
"difficulty"
],
[
"choking",
"choke#Verb"
],
[
"gagging",
"gag#Verb"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, hyperbolic) To cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "gag"
},
{
"word": "strangle"
},
{
"word": "throttle"
}
],
"tags": [
"excessive",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "27 63 1 1 2 1 1 1 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadušavam",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"word": "задушавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 63 1 1 2 1 1 1 3",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "dusit"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 63 1 1 2 1 1 1 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"word": "esganar"
},
{
"_dis1": "27 63 1 1 2 1 1 1 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"word": "asfixiar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-l7V4T~QU",
"links": [
[
"prevent",
"prevent"
],
[
"breath",
"breath#Noun"
],
[
"cough",
"cough#Noun"
],
[
"cry",
"cry#Noun"
],
[
"voice",
"voice#Noun"
],
[
"released",
"release#Verb"
],
[
"throat",
"throat#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, also figuratively) To prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "potiskam",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "потискам"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "potlačit"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zadusit"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "přemoci"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "dusit"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 74 2 3 12 1 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "unterdrücken"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-LjMabW8M",
"links": [
[
"unable",
"unable"
],
[
"hear",
"hear"
],
[
"blocking",
"block#Verb"
],
[
"medium",
"medium#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gag"
},
{
"word": "muffle"
},
{
"word": "make silent"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 1 1 81 2 1 1 1 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zaglušavam",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"word": "заглушавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 1 81 2 1 1 1 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "potlačit"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 1 81 2 1 1 1 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zadusit"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 1 81 2 1 1 1 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zahlušit"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 1 81 2 1 1 1 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"word": "étouffer"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The army stifled the rebellion.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1723, Daniel Waterland, A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:",
"text": "I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack stifled him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew's cap and bells.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 October 29, Neil Johnston, “Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:",
"text": "In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To keep in, hold back, or repress (something)."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-OFIbpzKo",
"links": [
[
"keep",
"keep#Verb"
],
[
"hold back",
"hold back"
],
[
"repress",
"repress"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figuratively)",
"(transitive) To keep in, hold back, or repress (something)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hinder"
},
{
"word": "restrain"
},
{
"word": "smother"
},
{
"word": "suppress"
},
{
"word": "throttle"
},
{
"word": "curb"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "potušavam",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "потушавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "potlačit"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "onderdrukken"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tukahduttaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "vaimentaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "réprimer"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "afogar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "unterdrücken"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "elfojt"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "soffocare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimere"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "trattenere"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "affogare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"alt": "おさえる",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "osaeru",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "抑える"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"alt": "かみころす",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a yawn",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kamikorosu",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "噛み殺す"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "rie reaŋ",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "រារាំង"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "nanati"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "nati"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "whakakōmau"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "whakapongere"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tāmoe"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podavljátʹ",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "подавля́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podavítʹ",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "подави́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "sofocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "afogar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "suprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "dämpa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "stävja"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tillbakahålla"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "undertrycka"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 4 1 1 86 3 1 1 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tutmak"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To prevent (something) from being revealed; to conceal, to hide, to suppress."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-yIhbsLGD",
"links": [
[
"revealed",
"reveal#Verb"
],
[
"conceal",
"conceal"
],
[
"hide",
"hide#Verb"
],
[
"suppress",
"suppress"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figuratively)",
"(transitive) To prevent (something) from being revealed; to conceal, to hide, to suppress."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cover up"
},
{
"word": "hide away"
},
{
"word": "occult"
},
{
"word": "secrete"
},
{
"word": "veil"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Agriculture",
"orig": "en:Agriculture",
"parents": [
"Applied sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To treat (a silkworm cocoon) with steam as part of the process of silk production."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-UhHsfxAB",
"links": [
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture"
],
[
"sericulture",
"sericulture"
],
[
"treat",
"treat#Verb"
],
[
"silkworm",
"silkworm"
],
[
"cocoon",
"cocoon"
],
[
"steam",
"steam#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"process",
"process#Noun"
],
[
"silk",
"silk#Noun"
],
[
"production",
"production"
]
],
"qualifier": "agriculture (sericulture)",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, agriculture (sericulture)) To treat (a silkworm cocoon) with steam as part of the process of silk production."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Two firemen tragically stifled in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To die of suffocation."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-M2Bum5Tk",
"links": [
[
"die",
"die#Verb"
],
[
"suffocation",
"suffocation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To die of suffocation."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "asphyxiate"
},
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "scomfish"
},
{
"word": "suffocate"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadušavam se",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "задушавам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "udusit se"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "stikken"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "tukehtua"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "suffoquer"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "asfixiarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "ersticken"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "megfullad"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "asfissiare"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "soffocare"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"alt": "ちっそくする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chissoku suru",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "窒息する"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "thɑpdɑɑnghaəmslap",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "ថប់ដង្ហើមស្លាប់"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadyxátʹsja",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "задыха́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadoxnútʹsja",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задохну́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "asfixiarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "kvävas"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 0 0 1 0 0 89 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "boğulmak"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English hyperboles",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This heat is stifling.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Ken Catran, Letters from the Coffin-Trenches, Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited, →ISBN:",
"text": "Nobody has shaved or changed clothes for a week, the heat stifles and the flies are everywhere. There is little water but we do not expect to be here long. This is not much of a letter, Jess. The mailbag goes down our trench once a day. I must finish because it stops for no one.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To smother; to make breathing difficult."
],
"id": "en-stifle-en-verb-uEiCj~Qw",
"links": [
[
"breathing",
"breathe"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, hyperbolic) To smother; to make breathing difficult."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "gag"
}
],
"tags": [
"excessive",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪfl̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪf(ə)l/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stifle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪfəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"alt": "16th c.",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "stifil"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadǎhvam se",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "задъхвам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "tukahtua"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "boccheggiare"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"alt": "ちっそくしそう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chissoku shisou",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "窒息しそう"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "thɑp",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "ថប់"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadyxátʹsja",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "задыха́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 13 6 4 17 6 5 9 22",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadoxnútʹsja",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задохну́ться"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"word": "stifle"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stuflen",
"t": "to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stifil, stuffle, stufle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infix"
},
"expansion": "infix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estofer"
},
"expansion": "Old French estofer",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "estofiier, estoufer, estufer",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouffer"
},
"expansion": "French étouffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪfəl"
}
],
"word": "stifle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"English terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Animal body parts",
"en:Horses"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stifle-burn"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "stifled"
},
{
"word": "stifler"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective",
"noun"
],
"word": "stifling"
},
{
"word": "stiflingly"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stuflen",
"t": "to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stifil, stuffle, stufle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infix"
},
"expansion": "infix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estofer"
},
"expansion": "Old French estofer",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "estofiier, estoufer, estufer",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouffer"
},
"expansion": "French étouffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouper",
"t": "to caulk"
},
"expansion": "French étouper (“to caulk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étoffer"
},
"expansion": "French étoffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*stuppāre"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *stuppāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "stuppa",
"t": "coarse flax, tow"
},
"expansion": "Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "στύπη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "qsb-grc"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "stífla",
"t": "to dam; to choke, stop up"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Late Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, perhaps from stuffen (“to kill by suffocation; to stifle from heat; to extinguish, suppress (body heat, breath, humour, etc.); to deprive a plant of the conditions necessary for growth, choke”) + -el- (derivational infix in verbs, often denoting diminutive, intensive, or repetitive actions or events). Stuffen is derived from Old French estofer, estouffer (“to choke, strangle, suffocate; (figuratively) to inhibit, prevent”) [and other forms] (modern French étouffer), a variant of estoper, estuper (“to block, plug, stop up; to stiffen, thicken”) (modern French étouper (“to caulk”)), influenced by estofer (“to pad, stuff; to upholster”) (modern French étoffer). Estoper is derived from Vulgar Latin *stuppāre, from Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”) (as a stuffing material; from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē) (compare στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)); probably from Pre-Greek) + -āre. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a derivation from Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”) “appears untenable on the ground both of form and sense”.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stifles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stifling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stifled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stifled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stifle (third-person singular simple present stifles, present participle stifling, simple past and past participle stifled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"stif‧le"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "die"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1708, Jonathan Swift, Accomplishment of the First Prediction:",
"text": "I took my leave, being half stifled with the closeness of the room.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1717, John Dryden, “Book XII. [The Story of Cyllarus and Hylonome.]”, in Ovid’s Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 425:",
"text": "And while her Hand the ſtreaming Blood oppos'd; / Join'd Face to Face, his Lips with hers ſhe clos'd. / Stifled with Kiſſes, a ſweet Death he dies; / She fills the Fields with undiſtinguiſh'd Cries: [...]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; to smother, to suffocate."
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make#Verb"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"person",
"person"
],
[
"unconscious",
"unconscious"
],
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"death",
"death"
],
[
"prevent",
"prevent"
],
[
"breathing",
"breathing#Noun"
],
[
"smother",
"smother#Verb"
],
[
"suffocate",
"suffocate#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, also figuratively) To make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; to smother, to suffocate."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "asphyxiate"
},
{
"word": "burke"
},
{
"word": "scomfish"
},
{
"word": "strangle"
},
{
"word": "suffocate"
}
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English hyperboles",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The heat was stifling the children.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling."
],
"links": [
[
"difficulty",
"difficulty"
],
[
"choking",
"choke#Verb"
],
[
"gagging",
"gag#Verb"
],
[
"feeling",
"feeling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, hyperbolic) To cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "gag"
},
{
"word": "strangle"
},
{
"word": "throttle"
}
],
"tags": [
"excessive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat."
],
"links": [
[
"prevent",
"prevent"
],
[
"breath",
"breath#Noun"
],
[
"cough",
"cough#Noun"
],
[
"cry",
"cry#Noun"
],
[
"voice",
"voice#Noun"
],
[
"released",
"release#Verb"
],
[
"throat",
"throat#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, also figuratively) To prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat."
],
"tags": [
"also",
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium."
],
"links": [
[
"unable",
"unable"
],
[
"hear",
"hear"
],
[
"blocking",
"block#Verb"
],
[
"medium",
"medium#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gag"
},
{
"word": "muffle"
},
{
"word": "make silent"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The army stifled the rebellion.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1723, Daniel Waterland, A Second Vindication of Christ's Divinity:",
"text": "I desire only to have things fairly represented as they really are; no evidence smothered or stifled.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack stifled him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew's cap and bells.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 October 29, Neil Johnston, “Norwich 3-3 Blackburn”, in BBC Sport:",
"text": "In fact, there was no suggestion of that, although Wolves deployed men behind the ball to stifle the league leaders in a first-half that proved very frustrating for City.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To keep in, hold back, or repress (something)."
],
"links": [
[
"keep",
"keep#Verb"
],
[
"hold back",
"hold back"
],
[
"repress",
"repress"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figuratively)",
"(transitive) To keep in, hold back, or repress (something)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hinder"
},
{
"word": "restrain"
},
{
"word": "smother"
},
{
"word": "suppress"
},
{
"word": "throttle"
},
{
"word": "curb"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To prevent (something) from being revealed; to conceal, to hide, to suppress."
],
"links": [
[
"revealed",
"reveal#Verb"
],
[
"conceal",
"conceal"
],
[
"hide",
"hide#Verb"
],
[
"suppress",
"suppress"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figuratively)",
"(transitive) To prevent (something) from being revealed; to conceal, to hide, to suppress."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cover up"
},
{
"word": "hide away"
},
{
"word": "occult"
},
{
"word": "secrete"
},
{
"word": "veil"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Agriculture"
],
"glosses": [
"To treat (a silkworm cocoon) with steam as part of the process of silk production."
],
"links": [
[
"agriculture",
"agriculture"
],
[
"sericulture",
"sericulture"
],
[
"treat",
"treat#Verb"
],
[
"silkworm",
"silkworm"
],
[
"cocoon",
"cocoon"
],
[
"steam",
"steam#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
],
[
"process",
"process#Noun"
],
[
"silk",
"silk#Noun"
],
[
"production",
"production"
]
],
"qualifier": "agriculture (sericulture)",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, agriculture (sericulture)) To treat (a silkworm cocoon) with steam as part of the process of silk production."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Two firemen tragically stifled in yesterday’s fire when trying to rescue an old lady from her bedroom.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To die of suffocation."
],
"links": [
[
"die",
"die#Verb"
],
[
"suffocation",
"suffocation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To die of suffocation."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "asphyxiate"
},
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "scomfish"
},
{
"word": "suffocate"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English hyperboles",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This heat is stifling.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Ken Catran, Letters from the Coffin-Trenches, Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited, →ISBN:",
"text": "Nobody has shaved or changed clothes for a week, the heat stifles and the flies are everywhere. There is little water but we do not expect to be here long. This is not much of a letter, Jess. The mailbag goes down our trench once a day. I must finish because it stops for no one.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To smother; to make breathing difficult."
],
"links": [
[
"breathing",
"breathe"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, hyperbolic) To smother; to make breathing difficult."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "gag"
}
],
"tags": [
"excessive",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪfl̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪf(ə)l/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
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},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪfəl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"alt": "16th c.",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "stifil"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "duša",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "душа"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadušavam",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "задушавам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "udušavam",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "удушавам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "dusit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "udusit"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "kvæle"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "verstikken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "versmoren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "tukehduttaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "esganar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "erdrücken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "ersticken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "megfojt"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "plúch"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "soffocare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "boccheggiare"
},
{
"alt": "ちっそくさせる",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a person",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chissoku saseru",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "窒息させる"
},
{
"alt": "よくあつする",
"code": "ja",
"english": "an activity or desire",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yokuatsu suru",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "抑圧する"
},
{
"alt": "けす",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a flame; a sound",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kesu",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "消す. 静める"
},
{
"alt": "もみけす",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a rumor",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "momikesu",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "もみ消す"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑɑbɑnthɑp",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "បន្ថប់"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "suffōcō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "tāmi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "tātāmi"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "boğmak",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "بوغمق"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dušítʹ",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "души́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadušítʹ",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задуши́ть"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "dusiť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "udusiť"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "sofocar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "stävja"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "kväva"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "bastırmak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (an animal or person) unconscious or cause (an animal or person) death by preventing breathing; smother, suffocate",
"word": "boğulmak"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadušavam",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"word": "задушавам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "dusit"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"word": "esganar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to cause (someone) difficulty in breathing, or a choking or gagging feeling",
"word": "asfixiar"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "potiskam",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "потискам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "potlačit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zadusit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "přemoci"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "dusit"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to prevent (a breath, cough, or cry, or the voice, etc.) from being released from the throat",
"word": "unterdrücken"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zaglušavam",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"word": "заглушавам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "potlačit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zadusit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zahlušit"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (something) unable to be heard by blocking it with some medium",
"word": "étouffer"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "potušavam",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "потушавам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "potlačit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "onderdrukken"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tukahduttaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "vaimentaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "réprimer"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "afogar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "unterdrücken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "elfojt"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "soffocare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimere"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "trattenere"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "affogare"
},
{
"alt": "おさえる",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "osaeru",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "抑える"
},
{
"alt": "かみころす",
"code": "ja",
"english": "a yawn",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kamikorosu",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "噛み殺す"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "rie reaŋ",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "រារាំង"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "nanati"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "nati"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "whakakōmau"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "whakapongere"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tāmoe"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podavljátʹ",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "подавля́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podavítʹ",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "подави́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "sofocar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "afogar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "suprimir"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "dämpa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "stävja"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tillbakahålla"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "undertrycka"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to keep in, hold back, or repress (something)",
"word": "tutmak"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadušavam se",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "задушавам се"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "udusit se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "stikken"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "tukehtua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "suffoquer"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "asfixiarse"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "ersticken"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "megfullad"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "asfissiare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "soffocare"
},
{
"alt": "ちっそくする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chissoku suru",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "窒息する"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "thɑpdɑɑnghaəmslap",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "ថប់ដង្ហើមស្លាប់"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "sufocar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadyxátʹsja",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "задыха́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadoxnútʹsja",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задохну́ться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "asfixiarse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "kvävas"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to die of suffocation",
"word": "boğulmak"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadǎhvam se",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "задъхвам се"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "tukahtua"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "boccheggiare"
},
{
"alt": "ちっそくしそう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chissoku shisou",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "窒息しそう"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "thɑp",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"word": "ថប់"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadyxátʹsja",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "задыха́ться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadoxnútʹsja",
"sense": "to feel smothered",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задохну́ться"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"word": "stifle"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"English terms derived from a Pre-Greek substrate",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Animal body parts",
"en:Horses"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stuflen",
"t": "to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stifil, stuffle, stufle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infix"
},
"expansion": "infix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estofer"
},
"expansion": "Old French estofer",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "estofiier, estoufer, estufer",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouffer"
},
"expansion": "French étouffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étouper",
"t": "to caulk"
},
"expansion": "French étouper (“to caulk”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étoffer"
},
"expansion": "French étoffer",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*stuppāre"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *stuppāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "stuppa",
"t": "coarse flax, tow"
},
"expansion": "Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "στύπη"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "qsb-grc"
},
"expansion": "Pre-Greek",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "stífla",
"t": "to dam; to choke, stop up"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”)",
"name": "noncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Late Middle English stuflen (“to have difficulty breathing due to heat, stifle; to suffocate by drowning, drown”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, perhaps from stuffen (“to kill by suffocation; to stifle from heat; to extinguish, suppress (body heat, breath, humour, etc.); to deprive a plant of the conditions necessary for growth, choke”) + -el- (derivational infix in verbs, often denoting diminutive, intensive, or repetitive actions or events). Stuffen is derived from Old French estofer, estouffer (“to choke, strangle, suffocate; (figuratively) to inhibit, prevent”) [and other forms] (modern French étouffer), a variant of estoper, estuper (“to block, plug, stop up; to stiffen, thicken”) (modern French étouper (“to caulk”)), influenced by estofer (“to pad, stuff; to upholster”) (modern French étoffer). Estoper is derived from Vulgar Latin *stuppāre, from Latin stuppa (“coarse flax, tow”) (as a stuffing material; from Ancient Greek στύπη (stúpē), στύππη (stúppē) (compare στυππεῖον (stuppeîon)); probably from Pre-Greek) + -āre. According to the Oxford English Dictionary a derivation from Old Norse stífla (“to dam; to choke, stop up”) “appears untenable on the ground both of form and sense”.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stifles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stifle (plural stifles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"stif‧le"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"An act or state of being stifled."
],
"links": [
[
"act",
"act#Noun"
],
[
"state",
"state#Noun"
],
[
"stifled",
"stifle#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) An act or state of being stifled."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪfl̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪf(ə)l/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stifle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪfəl"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"word": "stifle"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
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"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"en:Animal body parts",
"en:Horses"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stifle bone"
},
{
"word": "stifle joint"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "From <span class=\"cited-source\">C<span style=\"font-style: normal;\">[harles] J[ames] Korinek, A[lbie] W[illiam] Korinek (1915) “Diseases of the Horse: Cause, Symptoms and Treatment”, in <cite>Diseases of Domestic Animals and Poultry: Their Cause, Symptoms and Treatment</cite>, Portland, Or.: Korinek Remedy Company, <small>→OCLC</small>, page 10</span></span>.",
"group": "n",
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"3": "stifle",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "nb..."
},
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},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "uncertain"
},
{
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"2": "xno",
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"expansion": "Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estive",
"t": "leg"
},
"expansion": "Old French estive (“leg”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "estival",
"t": "boot, shoe"
},
"expansion": "Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
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{
"args": {
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"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is derived from Middle English stifle (“joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, probably derived from Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”), and Old French estive (“leg”) (compare Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)).\nThe verb is derived from the noun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stifles",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stifle (plural stifles)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"stif‧le"
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"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Animal body parts"
],
"glosses": [
"The joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses, corresponding to the knee in humans."
],
"links": [
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"joint",
"joint#Noun"
],
[
"femur",
"femur"
],
[
"tibia",
"tibia"
],
[
"hind leg",
"hind leg"
],
[
"four-legged",
"four-legged"
],
[
"mammal",
"mammal"
],
[
"horses",
"horse#Noun"
],
[
"knee",
"knee#Noun"
],
[
"humans",
"human#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zootomy) The joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses, corresponding to the knee in humans."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "stifle joint"
}
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Veterinary medicine"
],
"glosses": [
"A bone disease of this region."
],
"links": [
[
"veterinary medicine",
"veterinary medicine"
],
[
"bone",
"bone#Noun"
],
[
"disease",
"disease#Noun"
],
[
"region",
"region"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(veterinary medicine) A bone disease of this region."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"pathology",
"sciences",
"veterinary",
"zoology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪfl̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪf(ə)l/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stifle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪfəl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses",
"word": "polvi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses",
"word": "takapolvi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grasset"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses",
"word": "grassella"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "curvejão"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "joint between the femur and tibia in the hind leg of various four-legged mammals, especially horses",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "jarrete"
}
],
"word": "stifle"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl",
"Rhymes:English/aɪfəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"en:Animal body parts",
"en:Horses"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "stifling"
}
],
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"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
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"name": "ref"
},
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"t": "joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
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{
"args": {
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"nocap": "1"
},
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"name": "uncertain"
},
{
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"1": "en",
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"3": "estive",
"t": "leg"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "estive",
"t": "leg"
},
"expansion": "Old French estive (“leg”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "estival",
"t": "boot, shoe"
},
"expansion": "Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The noun is derived from Middle English stifle (“joint between the femur and tibia of a quadruped”) [and other forms]; further etymology uncertain, probably derived from Anglo-Norman estive (“leg”), and Old French estive (“leg”) (compare Old French estival (“boot, shoe”)).\nThe verb is derived from the noun.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stifles",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stifling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stifled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stifled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stifle (third-person singular simple present stifles, present participle stifling, simple past and past participle stifled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"stif‧le"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To cause (a dog, horse, or other four-legged mammal) to dislocate or sprain its stifle joint."
],
"links": [
[
"cause",
"cause#Verb"
],
[
"dog",
"dog#Noun"
],
[
"horse",
"horse#Noun"
],
[
"four-legged",
"four-legged"
],
[
"mammal",
"mammal"
],
[
"dislocate",
"dislocate"
],
[
"sprain",
"sprain#Verb"
],
[
"stifle",
"stifle#Noun 2"
],
[
"joint",
"joint#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To cause (a dog, horse, or other four-legged mammal) to dislocate or sprain its stifle joint."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪfl̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈstaɪf(ə)l/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stifle.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stifle.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪfəl"
}
],
"word": "stifle"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stifle meaning in All languages combined (46.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1930",
"msg": "more than one value in \"alt\": しずめる vs. けす",
"path": [
"stifle"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "stifle",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1936",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": shizumeru vs. kesu",
"path": [
"stifle"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "stifle",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (b941637 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.